Inzitizi Kubika Ububiko bwa Leta zunze ubumwe: Igiciro nibicuruzwa

Mugihe muri iki gihe Amerika ifite tekinoroji zitandukanye zishobora kwangiza imiyoboro ya interineti, imibereho, imari, ndetse n’inzitizi za politiki zishobora kwirinda ko ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ridakoreshwa mu gihe gikenewe kugira ngo ihindagurika ry’ibidukikije. Iyi myumvire irerekana inzitizi 2 nini zo gukoresha umwanya wo kubika bateri: igiciro nibindi bicuruzwa. Amafaranga akoreshwa muburyo rusange bwo kubika bateri ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, byumwihariko, mubisanzwe bikomeza kuba hejuru cyane. Itsinda ry’ubushakashatsi mu kigo cy’ikoranabuhanga cya Massachusetts ryasesenguye icyegeranyo cy’ingamba za politiki ndetse n’ingamba z’imari zashyizweho kandi zitangwa na guverinoma y’Amerika kugira ngo zamamaze aho ububiko bw’ingufu zisohoka vuba kandi binagabanya ibiciro. Icyangombwa gitekereza kuzamuka kwibiciro nigiciro kinini ugereranije nibikoresho bya batiri, raporo yazirikanwe. Kandi urwego ruto ruto kandi rworoheje rutanga urwego rwerekana ibicuruzwa byihutirwa, kongera ibiciro no guhangana byihuse. Hariho ibintu byabyo usibye serivisi zikoranabuhanga nubukungu, zimwe murizo zasesenguwe na MIT. Akenshi, hari ubufatanye butandukanye hagati yinyungu zipiganwa kuruganda (nukuvuga imiterere yihariye ndetse no gukora) hamwe nubukungu bwiyongera (nukuvuga gushyira hamwe, kugenderwaho, nibindi) bigomba kuneshwa binyuze mubihembo bya politiki nubukungu. Ubwanyuma, byihutirwa bisabwa mubaturage kimwe nishoramari ryihariye kugirango bakemure ihinduka ry’ibidukikije hamwe n’iterambere ryihuse ndetse banashyire mu bikorwa ibisubizo bifatika.

Mubisubizo byingenzi byakumirwa kugirango hirindwe ihindagurika ry’ikirere harimo decarbonisation y’ingufu z’amashanyarazi. Dukurikije amakuru yatangijwe n’ubuyobozi bukuru bwa Leta bushinzwe amakuru arambuye y’ingufu (EIA), mu 2020, imyuka yose ya karuboni yatewe n’isoko ry’amashanyarazi yerekanaga hafi 32% by’imyuka yose ya karuboni muri Amerika. Ukoresheje ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu nkumuyaga kimwe n’izuba, ingufu zirashobora kubyazwa umusaruro utarekuye karuboni ya dioxyde, imyanda ihumanya itera ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, ingufu zishobora kongera guhura n’ibibazo bigenda bisubirwamo kubera ko itangwa ryayo rishingiye ku bihe by’ikirere bitazwi neza ndetse no kugenzura abantu mu bihe byashize, ibyo bikaba ari itandukaniro rikomeye ritandukanye n’ibikoresho bitanga ingufu za peteroli zishobora gutanga ingufu igihe icyo ari cyo cyose. Hariho ibisubizo bitandukanye byo guhangana nigihe kimwe no kwemeza ko icyifuzo gihora gihagije: nkurugero, ibikoresho bitanga ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu kuburyo byubaka kuburyo izuba cyangwa umuyaga bidahagije, ingufu zamashanyarazi zashizweho zirashobora gukomeza guhaza ibyifuzo. Nyamara, ubu buryo buhenze kimwe no kugabanya. Indi serivisi ni ugukoresha umubare muto wogutanga ingufu zishobora gucungwa (nka hydrogène yangiza ibidukikije kimwe nimbaraga za kirimbuzi, nibindi), nibyiza mubisanzwe imbaraga zitunganya ibintu zidakora co2 (nka hydrogène yicyatsi kibisi, amoniya, lisansi yubuzima, nibindi). Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, udushya dushya turacyarwana kugirango tugere ku giciro cyiza kandi cyiza mugihe cyakozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo butabogamye. Mugihe uburyo bwinshi bukenewe, sisitemu yo kubika ingufu niwo muti utanga ikizere kimwe no gutanga intera nini yo guhitamo.

Ikigo cyo gufata umwanya wo kubika amashanyarazi nuguhindura ingufu zamashanyarazi zitangwa numutungo wongeyeho neza mubundi bwoko bwingufu, nkingufu zumuriro, ingufu zamashanyarazi, ingufu, nibindi, mugihe amashanyarazi ahagije, ashobora kubikwa kimwe no kurekurwa kugirango abone ibisabwa mugihe cyo gutanga. Amashanyarazi yavomwe mumazi mubyukuri yabaye ingirakamaro kandi yanditswe neza muburyo bwo kubika ingufu mumyaka irenga 100; nk'uko bitangazwa na Minisiteri ishinzwe ingufu za Leta zunze ubumwe (DOE), pompe hydro kugeza ubu igizwe na sisitemu zose zikoreshwa mu kubika ingufu muri leta zunze ubumwe 95% by'ubushobozi bwo kubika amashanyarazi. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, hashyizweho ingufu nyinshi zo kubika ingufu zisabwa kugirango dibarubone ya gride igere ku rwego runini: nk'uko raporo y’ubushakashatsi bw’ubushakashatsi bw’amashanyarazi muri Amerika (EIA) ibigaragaza, muri iki gihe Amerika ifite munsi ya 2GW ya sisitemu yo kubika ingufu zikoreshwa mu kirere, ndetse na gigawatt amagana z’ububiko bw’amashanyarazi zishobora gukenerwa mu 2050 kugira ngo zifashe muri decarbonisiyasi. Amashanyarazi yavomye biragoye kubipima bitewe nuko mubisanzwe byinjiza gusa imishinga minini nini yo kubika ingufu nyinshi, hamwe n’ahantu hashyirwa mu bikorwa hagabanywa na geografiya kimwe no kwemerera imipaka. Mubyongeyeho, umuyoboro ni icyegeranyo cya serivisi, buri kimwe gishingiye ku mbaraga zitandukanye ziranga kandi nanone imbaraga zisabwa, igihe cyo kubyitwaramo, nibindi, guhamagarira serivisi zinyuranye zibika ingufu. Imibare ikunze gukoreshwa cyane kugirango ifashe kumenya niba ububiko bwamashanyarazi bugezweho bukoreshwa kandi nubukungu bukenewe mubisabwa ni 'igihe, ' nacyo kigaragaza umwanya bisaba kwishyuza byuzuye cyangwa kongera ingufu za bateri. Kubwibyo, guhitamo gukora mugihe kinini birashobora gushakishwa. Kubera umwanya munini wo gushushanya batanga kugirango bagere ku ruhererekane rw'ibihe kandi n'ibindi byiza bitandukanye byagiye byandikwa muri iyi nyandiko, bateri zikoresha urukurikirane rw'ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa mu kubika ingufu mu mirimo yo kubika ingufu.

Batare ni igikoresho cyo kubika amashanyarazi gikoresha itandukaniro ryingufu hagati ya 'redox ' kugirango ihindure ingufu zamashanyarazi, bityo uzigame ingufu zamashanyarazi nkimbaraga za chimique cyangwa uzigame ingufu zamashanyarazi mumashanyarazi. Batteri ifite inyungu nyinshi zishoboka kurenza ubundi bwoko bwa tekinoroji yo kubika ingufu. Kurugero, reaction ya electrochemical reaction mubisanzwe byizewe cyane kuruta ibisubizo bya termo-chimique muri gride ya karubone (kandi nanone, muri rusange, gride ifite ingufu) kubera kurekura bitaziguye ingufu zamashanyarazi (mubisanzwe kurwego rwubushyuhe hamwe nigitutu).

Mubyongeyeho, hariho gahunda zitandukanye zo kubika ingufu za redox reaction zo gutoranya, zitanga icyumba cyagutse cyo gukoresha ingufu zishingiye kububiko bwa tekinoroji igezweho. Nkurugero, tekereza kuri bateri zitandukanye zubucuruzi zakoreshejwe mubikoresho bya elegitoroniki byabakiriya, bihagararaho igice gito cya sisitemu yo kubika amashanyarazi ya gride-nini ya sisitemu yo kubika ibikoresho biboneka kugirango ikoreshwe mu bishushanyo bitandukanye: lithium-ion, aside-aside, nikel-kadmium, bateri ya zinc-karubone n'ibindi. Izi nyungu zituma bateri zidakoreshwa gusa kubikorwa bya gride ya decarbonisation yashize, ariko nanone gutanga agaciro kongerewe nka serivisi ya kabiri; kurugero bateri zigira uruhare mukuzamura imbaraga zubwigenge kandi no kwizerwa. Uzirikane isenyuka ry'umuriro w'amashanyarazi wa Porto Rico mu gihe cya serwakira Maria mu 2017. Igishushanyo mbonera cya microgrid gikubiyemo ibikoresho bitanga ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu hamwe na sisitemu yo kubika ingufu birashobora gukumira umuriro w'amashanyarazi akomeye. Ni ukubera ko ibisekuru bitatanye bigabanya iyubakwa noguhindura uburyo bwo kohereza (nkumurongo wamashanyarazi ninkingi zingirakamaro) zikwirakwiza ingufu ariko zikaba zishobora guhura nikirere gikabije.

Byongeye kandi, inganda zitatanye zikuraho imbaraga zishoboka zo gutsindwa wenyine. Mubyukuri, abaturanyi ba politiki kimwe nubwisanzure bwamafaranga nabyo bisaba kwitabwaho. Ibihugu byinshi ntibifite umutungo munini w’ubukungu w’ingufu zidasubirwaho, bityo rero guhindura isoko ry’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu mu kongera ingufu z’imbere mu gihugu, bikagabanya ibikenerwa bitumizwa mu mahanga, bityo bikazamura ubwisanzure bwa politiki. Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika zemera byimazeyo ibibazo by’amafaranga biterwa n’ingufu zishobora kugaragara, kubera ko habaye ikibazo cy’ibura ry’ibikomoka kuri peteroli mu myaka ya za 1970 na 1980.

Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwa tekinoroji ya batiri uyumunsi, buriwese ufite ibishushanyo mbonera bitandukanye, inyinshi murizo zishobora guhuza urukurikirane rwa chimisties kimwe no gukoresha ubundi buryo. Batteri ya Litiyumu-ion (LIB) ifatwa nk'ikoranabuhanga rikuru rya batiri; mu myaka ya za 90 kimwe na nyuma yaho, bateri ya lithium-ion yakoreshejwe cyane cyane mu bikoresho bya elegitoroniki na mobile, mu gihe mu myaka yashize, bateri ya lithium-ion ikoreshwa cyane cyane muri sisitemu yo kubika ingufu zihagaze kimwe na Automotive y’amashanyarazi (EV) aya masoko 2 manini manini. Ibyinshi mu bishya bya batiri byatekerejweho kugirango bikoreshwe mu rwego rw’amashanyarazi biracyari igihe kitaragera kandi birashobora gusaba ko habaho ubushakashatsi bwimbitse no gukora ubushakashatsi ku makosa, ariko imirimo yagezweho kugeza ubu ni iyoroheje yoherejwe cyangwa inzira ntoya y’ubucuruzi, akenshi bitewe n’uko ikomeje gukora neza cyangwa ikwiriye gukoreshwa na Grid. Ingero zibyo bishya bigizwe na bateri yumuzunguruko wa redox (RFB) ndetse na bateri yicyuma-kirere (MAB).

Nk’uko ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ingufu kibitangaza, mu 2030, umubare munini w’igabanuka ry’isohoka rya CO2 bizaturuka rwose ku ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryashyizwe ahagaragara cyangwa ku isoko muri iki gihe, ndetse no mu 2050, hafi mirongo itanu ku ijana by’igabanuka rya karubone rizashingira ku guhanga udushya muri iki gihe mu kwerekana ingufu za demo cyangwa prototype. Ubutegetsi bwa leta kimwe n’umuco rero biri munzira nziza yo gukemura ikibazo cyo guhindura ibidukikije. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, hari izindi mbogamizi zinyuranye zishobora kubaho mu mibereho, imari, na politiki bisaba kuneshwa kugirango harebwe ko ingufu zikoranabuhanga zigezweho zikoreshwa vuba bihagije kuburyo kugabanuka ari binini bihagije kugirango birinde kwangirika kwinshi (Ishusho 1). Mugihe ibi bintu ugomba gusuzuma bidashingiye kubintu bya tekiniki, birashobora gusaba inzira zitandukanye nibisubizo. Aka kazi kagenzura imbogamizi ebyiri zingenzi mugushira mugikorwa cya bateri: igiciro cya batiri no kugabanya ibicuruzwa. Urukurikirane rwa tekinoroji ya batiri hamwe nibikorwa bikwiye birahari muri iki gihe, nyamara ikiguzi cyo hejuru gishobora gutinda cyangwa guhagarika kurera kwagutse, cyane cyane ku gipimo gito cyo gukora. Ubwanyuma, niyo tekinoroji ya bateri runaka yujuje igiciro cyingenzi kandi ikanagaragaza ibipimo ngenderwaho, uburyo bwo kugemura no gutanga ibintu byingenzi bishobora kubangamira byihuse kimwe no kwishyira hamwe kwimbitse. Kubwibyo, izi mpungenge zigomba gukemurwa byihuse kugirango tugere ku ntego zingenzi za decarbonisation. Aka kazi kavumbuye tekinike yubukungu na politiki yo gutsinda cyangwa kurenga izo nzitizi.
Inzitizi nyamukuru 1: Igiciro cya Batiri

Igiciro nikintu cyingenzi cyo gusuzuma niba bateri zishobora gukoreshwa mugukoresha ingufu za gride. Bitandukanye nandi masoko ya batiri nkibikoresho byubuvuzi, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byabaguzi, amamodoka atwara amashanyarazi, nibindi, porogaramu ya gride ikenera serivisi nkeya zingufu zisukuye kugirango zihangane nibikoresho bitanga ingufu za fosile. Kuberako irekurwa rya gride risaba ishoramari rinini, risaba kenshi kubona inkunga (urugero: gutera inkunga), ikiguzi cyumutungo mubyukuri cyari imbogamizi ikomeye muburyo bwo kongera umutungo bityo bikaba byerekana rero ko bishoboka ko tekinoloji n'ubukungu byashoboka. Kuri bateri, igiciro muri rusange gishingiye kubiciro byibikoresho kimwe ninganda zikora. Ubusanzwe Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga y’amashanyarazi ishyira hagati y’amadorari 100 / kWt kimwe n’amadorari 150 / kWt nk’amafaranga y’amafaranga yatanzwe na sisitemu yo kubika amashanyarazi akomeye.

Batteri ya Litiyumu-ion kuri ubu ni imwe mu ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji yo kubika ingufu za porogaramu zikoreshwa muri gride. Batteri ya Litiyumu-ion yagize ubushobozi bwo kwihutisha iterambere ryayo dore ko mu myaka ya za 90 kuko yakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu mbaga nyamwinshi ku masoko y'agaciro gakomeye agizwe n'ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki by'abakiriya hamwe n'amakamyo y'amashanyarazi. Muri aya masoko, abatanga batiri barashobora kugurisha cyane ibicuruzwa bitagabanije kandi binini cyane kuberako aribyo byonyine bahitamo. Ibi bituma bishoboka ko bateri ya lithium-ion ikorwa mubipimo ndetse nigiciro, mugihe irushijeho gukora cyane. Iyo rero iryo koranabuhanga ryitaweho kuri sisitemu yo kubika ingufu, bateri ya lithium-ion yerekanye mubyukuri imbaraga zikomeye, imikorere nogusohora iyi batiri ubu iri hejuru cyane, mubisanzwe igera kuri 95%, kandi hashyizweho urwego rwo gutanga kugirango igiciro kiri hasi. By'umwihariko hamwe niterambere ryimodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, igiciro cya bateri ya lithium-ion cyaragabanutse cyane mumyaka yashize; bateri ya lithium-ion, igizwe na selile za batiri ziteranijwe hamwe nubuyobozi ndetse na sisitemu yumutekano, byagabanutse murwego rushoboka rwasobanuwe na minisiteri ishinzwe ingufu muri Amerika (hafi 140 USD / kWh), biteganijwe ko izamanuka munsi ya USD 100 / kWt mu gihe kiri imbere. Ubushobozi mpuzamahanga bwo gukora kuri bateri ya lithium-ion bugereranywa burenga 700GWh buri mwaka kimwe nuyu munsi ni umurenge wa miliyari 50 z'amadolari. Mugihe iyi ari iterambere ryiza, haracyakenewe uburyo butandukanye bwo kwemerera serivisi zose za gride no gukora decarbonisation yimbitse. Byongeye kandi, ibibazo byo gutanga amasoko byasuzumwe mu gice gikurikira birashobora kubangamira uburyo bwo kubika amashanyarazi ya litiro-ion. Ubundi buryo bwinshi bwa tekinoroji ya kijyambere itanga serivisi zubukungu cyane cyane mugihe kirekire (hejuru yamasaha 4), nyamara ntabwo bunguka mubibazo byisoko kimwe na Li-ion kimwe nikibazo cyo guhangana.

Ibishushanyo byinshi bya batiri nkibicuruzwa bifite inyungu zifatizo ugereranije na bateri ya Li-ion. Batteri yo kuzenguruka, kurugero, koresha sisitemu ishushanya idasanzwe igabanya imbaraga nimbaraga, byerekana ko byombi bishobora gupima bitigenga. Ibi bituma habaho iterambere ryihuse ryububiko bwimbaraga zububiko, bigatuma bateri nkizo zihenze cyane-guhatanira igihe kirekire. Kurundi ruhande, sisitemu yo gufunga nka batiri ya lithium-ion ikomatanya imbaraga nimbaraga, bigatuma igiciro cyibikoresho byacyo bibika ingufu ziteganijwe neza. Mugihe byagaragaye ko ikiguzi kirambye kitari ikintu cyo gusuzuma ugereranije nigiciro cyo hejuru, uburyo bwuguruye bwa bateri yatemba (RFB) cyangwa ibyuma byumuyaga wo mu kirere (MAB) byorohereza amafaranga yigihe kirekire yo kuzigama amafaranga yemerera kubika ibikoresho. Umuntu arashobora kuzuza neza cyangwa kuyihindura hamwe na electrolyte (ibice bya batiri byangiza cyane), mugihe sisitemu isanzwe ifunze nka bateri ya lithium-ion ikenera kongera cyangwa gusimbuza ipaki yose ya batiri, iteza imbere imyanda runaka. Ubwanyuma, hari bateri ziyongera zikoresha ibicuruzwa bihenze, birimo ibintu byinshi kuruta bateri ya lithium-ion, bikagabanya amafaranga ateganijwe.

Nubwo izo nyungu zisanzwe, kuvuka ingufu zo kubika ingufu zifite ikibazo cyo kurangiza kubwimpamvu zitandukanye. Mu ikubitiro, mugihe uburyo bwiza bwa gride ya decarbonize ya gride ihuza urukurikirane rwa serivise yo kubika bateri, ibi bintu ni byinshi mubyukuri. Kuberako udushya dushya twa bateri rwose twarahenze cyane kubikorwa bya gride nini kandi ntibishobora no kugera kumasoko yagaciro keza, ntibisobanutse neza uburyo bwo kugabanya ibiciro kimwe no kuzamura imikorere kugirango bashobore guhangana na bateri ya lithium-ion mugihe bibaye ngombwa mugihe cya nyuma kibaye, serivisi zokubika amashanyarazi igihe kirekire cyangwa gusimbuza ibikoresho byamavuta ya fosile birashobora guhazwa mugiciro gito.

Gutesha agaciro iki kibazo cyinkoko-namagi nikindi kintu kimwe gisa: Ibi bishya bivuka mubisanzwe birashobora guteza akaga. Ibi bituma badashimisha ijisho kubashinzwe imishinga, abaterankunga cyangwa abandi bakora ibyemezo, bigatuma ubwo buhanga bugezweho budakunze kwakirwa no kwerekanwa, kimwe nigisubizo gihora gitekereza kubibazo. Kubera izo mbogamizi, imirimo myinshi isaba gukoresha ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji ya kijyambere ya batiri igezweho yarwaniye kurinda inkunga n’ishoramari ry’imari ya sosiyete, imari y’akazi, n’ibindi. Izi ngorane ntizishobora gukemurwa n’abikorera bonyine, kandi ubuvuzi bwa leta bushobora kugabanya akaga k’ikoranabuhanga kandi bikanagabanya igiciro cy’imiti ikomoka ku bubiko bw’ingufu ziboneka gusa kuri gride nyamara zishobora kugira uruhare muri decarbonisation. Mubisanzwe, imyigaragambyo nini igomba gukenera kugeragezwa kandi ikanakomeza amasoko ataziguye. Bumwe mu buryo bwo kubigeraho ni uguterwa inkunga na guverinoma ihuriweho n’imishinga yo kwerekana imishinga, nkuko byakozwe mbere hamwe na American Recovery ndetse n’amategeko agenga ishoramari. Kugeza ubu, ishami ry’ingufu muri Amerika ritanga inkunga itari mike kubikorwa byo kubika ingufu za demo. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, iyi nkunga yatanzwe mu mateka yahawe laboratoire z’ubushakashatsi z’Amerika muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika, ntabwo ari ugusaba rubanda, ibyo bikaba byasaba abikorera kandi bikaba byihutisha iterambere. Byongeye kandi, leta zunzubumwe zamerika zirashobora gutegura gahunda yihariye yo kubika amashanyarazi ya gride, yerekanye amasezerano muri byinshi mubikorwa byiterambere byambere. Iki cyifuzo cyahise cyuzuzwa igice n’ishami ry’Amerika ry’ubushakashatsi bw’ubushakashatsi bwimbitse bw’ubushakashatsi Ikigo gishinzwe ingufu (ARPA-E) kigamije iterambere ry’ingenzi mu ikoranabuhanga ry’ingufu hamwe n’ibidashoboka bishoboka. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, Ibiro by’Amerika bishinzwe ingufu z’isuku Demo ni indi ntambwe igana mu cyerekezo cyiza: iyi sosiyete yashinzwe mu 2021 ifite intego yo kwerekana imishinga minini (ndetse na miliyari y'amadolari) yo kubika ingufu, ndetse no gukorana n’abikorera kugira ngo Bihutishe iyemezwa ndetse no kohereza ingufu z’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho.

Ikoranabuhanga rirahari uyumunsi rishobora kugira uruhare muri decarbonisation yumuriro w'amashanyarazi. Ariko, hari impungenge zubushobozi bwo gukora kandi tunakoreshe ubwo buhanga bugezweho byihuse kandi bidahenze, umurimo utarahari. Hamwe nubushake bukwiye, ubuvuzi bwa leta burashobora gufasha kurangiza no kwihutisha ibisubizo byifuzwa. Byongeye kandi, uburyo butandukanye nuburyo bushobora gufasha gutsinda zimwe muri izo nzitizi niba zikoreshejwe neza kandi byihuse. Nuburyo bwegereje, umwanya urakenewe kimwe no kugera kubaturage kandi nishoramari ryihariye ni ngombwa