Lwaki obutoffaali bw’enjuba bwa bbeeyi ntono nnyo?

Mu kisaawe kya tekinologiya w’amasannyalaze, obuyiiya mu kukola amasannyalaze g’enjuba ye tekinologiya ow’omulembe ng’ensaasaanya esinga okukendeera amangu. Ekifaananyi 1 kiraga ebbeeyi eya bulijjo ey’okutunda ebitundu by’amasannyalaze g’enjuba mu myaka 10 egiyise. Mu myaka kkumi egiyise, bbeeyi ya modulo za photovoltaic mu butuufu ezze emirundi nga 15. Mu kiseera kino, waliwo ebiraga nti lawundi empya ey’okukendeeza ku bbeeyi ya modulo z’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ekyali mu payipu. Nga egattibwa wamu n’okugatta okutambula obutasalako wamu n’okulongoosa obulungi enkola y’okukola amasannyalaze g’ekitangaala eriwo n’okutereka amasannyalaze, okufulumya amasannyalaze g’enjuba mazima ddala kujja kuba kwa bbeeyi nnyo mu katale ak’omu maaso.

Lwaki ensaasaanya y’ebitundu bya PV ekendedde mangu mu myaka amakumi abiri egiyise? Mu kunoonyereza kwe, Omusomesa Kavlak owa MIT awandiika ebimu ku bintu ebiyinza okufuula ebbeeyi y’ekitundu okukendeera, era n’ayawula ebintu bino mu bintu eby’omutendera ogwa wansi n’eby’omutendera ogwa waggulu.

Ebintu eby’omutendera ogwa wansi: okweyongera mu kitundu ky’obulungi, okulinnya mu kifo kya wafer, okukendeera mu nkozesa ya silikoni, n’okukendeera mu kifo ky’ebintu ebitali bya silikoni;

Ensonga z’ensengeka ennene: ensimbi za gavumenti eya federo, R&D, ebyenfuna eby’omutindo, okuyiga nga okola.

Wadde kiri kityo, Professor Martin Environment-friendly, the 'daddy of solar power', alowooza nti enkola ya Kavlak esuulirira ebimu ku biyinza okugwawo okumala emyaka mingi, awatali ekyo okukola amasannyalaze ag'ekitangaala kiyinza okuba nga kikyali tekinologiya ow'omulembe ow'ebbeeyi.

Ebigoberera bye nsala z'okunoonyereza eza Professor Martin Environment-friendly, nga zijuliza okuwandiika 'Just how Did Solar Battery Obtain So Low-cost?' kw'ekitabo ekisinga mu nsi yonna 'Joule' (Chinese: Joule)

Ensonga 1: Gavumenti ya Federo ewagira obuyiiya mu kusoma.

Oluvannyuma lw’okukula kwa bbaatule okwasooka ennyo, mu October 1973, amawanga g’Abawalabu gaassa mu nkola okuyimiriza amafuta ku mawanga g’amawanga g’obugwanjuba olw’olutalo olw’okuna olw’omu masekkati g’obuvanjuba, ekyatondawo emu ku mbeera z’amafuta ezisinga obubi mu byafaayo. Kino kyaleetera akulira eggwanga Nixon okutongoza 'Independence Plan,' n'ekigendererwa eky'okufuula Amerika okwesigamya ku maanyi. Omulimu ogwavaamu ogwa Flat Panel Solar Array (FSA), okuva mu 1975 okutuuka mu 1985, naddala mu Carter Management yonna, gwavaamu ebikulu ebiwerako, nga birimu tekinologiya w’obutoffaali obukubiddwa ku ssirini, ekyasitula akatale okutuuka ku buwanguzi.

Ensonga 2: Ekizibu ky’obukuumi.

Ekiddako ekyavaako embeera eno ye mukolo gwa nukiriya ogwa Chernobyl mu 1986, ogwaddamu okukuma omuliro mu nsi yonna okwagala tekinologiya ow’omulembe ow’amasannyalaze ag’ekitangaala. Japan yafulumya enteekateeka ya 'Million Roofs' mu 1993, n'ekigendererwa eky'okutuuka ku nkola za photovoltaic ez'omunda obukadde 1 mu 2010. Ekigendererwa kino kyatuukirira mu Japan zombi nga kwotadde ne Australia mu 2013. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebyobufuzi mu Germany mu 1998, omukulembeze w'ebyobufuzi ow'okwolesebwa Hermann yayanjula etteeka ly'amasannyalaze agazzibwawo, okukyusa okukulu okukkakkanya ebbeeyi y'amasannyalaze g'ekitangaala (era empewo) enkola z’okukola amasannyalaze. Mu Girimaani, gavumenti egaba obuweereza eri abapya abeetabye mu kitundu kino, okulanga okukula kwa dizayini ya EPC y’amakolero, okubunyisa obuyiiya, okuddaabiriza omutindo gw’ebintu wamu n’okukulaakulanya okukola ekika.

Ensonga 3: Okwongera ku mutindo gw’emirimu.

Mu kiseera kye kimu, ekibinja kya Martin mu Australia kyongera okugenda mu maaso mu mpaka zaakyo eza Long March. Mu myaka 36 egiyise, mu butuufu bafudde obutoffaali bwa silikoni obwesigika ennyo ebitundu 50%. Ekibiina kino mu butuufu kikutte ekiwandiiko kya 'highest possible effectiveness cell' okumala emyaka 30. Ekipya kye batuuseeko ye katoffaali ka PERC, nga mu kiseera kino ke katoffaali akasinga okukola obulungi mu nsi yonna. kisa.

Ensonga 4: Firimu z’Abachina zeegatta.

Ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1990, nga China egaba emikisa mingi eri kkampuni ez’obuntu, omunoonyereza, Shi Zhengrong, yatandika okuzimba ekitongole kya China eky’okukola amasannyalaze g’ekitangaala. Mu 2002, ng’awagirwa banne mu Yunivasite y’e New South Wales, kkampuni ye yasitula obukadde bwa ddoola mukaaga okuzimba layini ya China ey’okukuŋŋaanya PV mu makolero eyasooka. Mu kuwa Girimaani ebitundu, kkampuni ye Suntech yakula mangu, n’ereeta amagoba ga bbanka za Amerika eziteeka ssente mu by’ensimbi, era okukkakkana ng’ewandiikiddwa mu bujjuvu ku katale k’emigabo mu New York (NYSE). Suntech yafuuka bizinensi y’Abachina ey’enjawulo eyasooka okuwandiisibwa ku katale kano, era okuwandiisibwa kuno kwali kwa buwanguzi bwa maanyi, kirabika ye yali esinga obunene mu lukalala lwa tekinologiya mu 2005.

Obuwanguzi bwa Suntech buleetedde bakapiteeni ba Amerika okutandika okunoonya kkampuni endala ez’enjawulo eza China eza PV okuwandiisibwa. Nga Lehman Brothers tennaba kusasula ssente mu 2008, bizinensi za PV mwenda ez’Abachina zaweebwa ku bifo eby’okuwanyisiganya ssente mu Amerika, nga kw’otadde ne bizinensi zino kati zikomekkerezeddwa nga ze mugongo gw’okufulumya PV. Mukaaga ku bo bakyali ku lukalala lwa 2019 'Leading 10' olw'abafulumya PV mu nsi yonna (Trina Solar, Canadian Solar, JA Solar, Yingli, Hanwha ne Shunfeng Photonics. Eky'omusanvu ye Jinko, eyagenda mu lujjudde mu 2010).

Okuwaayo okusukkiridde okuva ku kweyongera kwa kapito okuyingira ddala mu katale k’amakolero mu butuufu kutadde wansi nnyo ku miwendo naddala okusinziira ku mwaka ogwo ogwa 2008 (Ekifaananyi 1). Nga firms zaalwana okusigala nga zirina empeera, tezisobola kumenya mateeka ga katale, naddala mu kiseera 2nd substantial rate drop wakati wa 2011 nga kwotadde ne 2013, nga kampuni eziwerako zawalirizibwa okuva mu kitongole kino. Oluvannyuma lw’ekyo, akatale kaayingira mu mutendera ogutebenkedde ennyo, ng’emiwendo gikka mpolampola ku kigero kya bitundu 20% buli mwaka. Gavumenti ya China eya federo mu butuufu ebadde ewagira akatale ka photovoltaic oba pv mu ngeri egenderere okuva mu 2010, nga kwotadde n’enteekateeka yaayo ey’okutumbula akatale efudde China esinga mu nsi yonna mu kukola photovoltaic oba pv.

Awatali kukyusa kukola PV okudda e China ne ssente nnyingi okuva mu bawa ssente mu Amerika, ssente z’okukola amasannyalaze ga PV ziyinza okuba nga zikyali za bbeeyi okusobola okwettanira abantu abangi. Ekisumuluzo ky’enkyukakyuka eno ye budde bwa Shi Zhengrong: bwe kiba kikolwa kimu oluvannyuma, embeera y’ebyenfuna mu nsi yonna mazima ddala ejja kugisubwa omukisa gw’okwetegereza mu USA, awamu n’okuvuganya okw’amaanyi okwa kkampuni 9 ez’amasannyalaze oba pv ez’e China olw’okuwangaala kuvuddemu enteekateeka y’enjuba eriwo. Bbeeyi ya bbeeyi mu ngeri etayinza kukkirizibwa.